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a. This source examines how emerald ash borer (EAB) have proliferated in North America since the early 2000s. Drawing on an improved understanding of EAB physiology the authors discuss how management strategies to mitigate the effects of EAB have developed over time to either slow ash mortality down, or attempt to use biological agents to try and protect desired ashes from infection.
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051
Herms, Daniel, and Deborah McCullough. “Emerald Ash Borer Invasion Of North America: History, Biology, Ecology, Impacts And Management”. Annual Reviews 59 (2014): 13-30. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051.
b. This is an example of non-peer reviewed academic material.
c. First, the authors, Herms and McCullough are associated with The Ohio State University and Michigan State University and have been paid to do research thereby making them experts in the field.
Second, the article uses in-text citations which it references as numbered citations that correspond to the full citation at the end of the paper.
For example:
Three species are currently being mass reared and released :an egg parasitoid(Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang)(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a larval endoparasitoid (Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and a gregarious larval ectoparasitoid(Spathius agrili Yang)(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)(33,109). Asian parasitoids were first released at sites in southeast Michigan in 2007 (109,110).Production increased annually, and in 2012, more than 350,000 wasps were released in 14 states. Several releases appear to have resulted in successful establishment, although establishment of S.agrili in Michigan has been limited, possibly because of cold weather(25–27).
Third, the article includes a list of bibliographic sources referenced at the end of the paper.
For example:
2. Anulewicz AC, McCullough DG, Cappaert DL. 2007. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) density
and canopy dieback in three North American ash species. Arboric. Urban For. 33:338–49
3. Anulewicz AC, McCullough DG, Cappaert DL, Poland TM. 2008. Host range of the emerald
ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America: results of
multiple-choice field experiments. Environ. Entomol. 37:230–41
Fourth, the article is not peer reviewed since it does not thank any reviewers but instead, thanks edits that were made to the publication.
For example:
We thank Cathy Herms for editorial expertise in producing the finished manuscript.
