Blog Post 4: Sampling Strategies (Percy)

The technique that had the fastest estimated sampling time:

Random/systematic sampling of area (12 hours, 33 minutes) as opposed to 12 hours, 36 minutes and 12 hours, 40 minutes for the other sampling techniques.

Percent error:

Most common species include the Eastern Hemlock; Random/Systematic 14.25%, Haphazard 9.52%

Sweet Birch; Random/Systematic 24.68%, Haphazard 20.83%

Most rare species include the Striped Maple; As these were predicted to not be present in these samples, the percent error is negative.

White Pine; (above). The accuracy of this data corresponds to the amount of species within the given area, as the more species, the more accurate the results. The sampling strategy that seemed most appropriate for this experiment would be Systematic sampling of a given area as it was much more accurate and time-efficient.

Blog 9 Field Research Reflections

My field study into the cone gathering potentials of an urban red squirrel were very interesting.  I had no idea there already were an immense amount of scholarly articles on this topic as well as many more articles on other variables concerning the Red squirrel.  What I discovered was that the more I uncovered, the more information and avenues there were to follow.  I think this is what makes Ecology such an interesting field of study, the potential for discovery is endless.

As far as my field study went, I found I really had to think about what my response and my predictor variables were and how to apply them to my study.  I think more practice and more use of ecological tools would help in discerning what avenues to take. But again, this just reiterates the amount of work that needs to be done before even doing the actual practical side of the field study.

This course has been an eye opener into the world of ecology.  There is so much more involved than initially observing something.  It takes keen observation to detail and unbiased thinking to report what is happening in the natural world.  I found myself revising and revising time and time again until the clarity of my objective could be seen.  And even when my objective was pinpointed, I still had a hard time focusing on just one goal when so many more fascinating aspects unveiled themselves.

I wish more of these type of courses become available to students.  Even a continuation of this course with more mathematical statistic methods would be appreciated.  I believe in this day and age of financial cutbacks, a time will come when citiᴢen scientists will be an important part of future ecology if not the beginning of stewardship programs in conservation of a species.

On ending, the Western Painted Turtle is Red listed on the pacific coast and Blue listed in the intᴢerior of BC.  Red: jeopardy of losing the population Blue:  species of Concern      Urbaniᴢation and encroachment of populations on wetlands and pond habitats have fragmented the natural ecosystems of the turtle.  Barriers such as highways, agricultural fields, dams, have caused pockets of isolation and increased risk of inbreeding (weakening the gene pool), decimation of nesting grounds (sand) by hikers, atv’s, trails, livestock…..invasive species such as knapweed who’s roots can grow through a turtle egg as it incubates in the ground…climate warming and shrinking streams and habitat areas…long sexual maturity males 8 years, females 10-12 years…loss of eggs in the winter again through climate change (low snowfall and freeᴢing conditions that effectively freeᴢe and kill the egg)…and what I believe is happening on my Kootenay River: constant dropping of water levels in January (BC Hydro canals and dams that send electricity to the US ) and which, exposes the mud where the turtles are hibernating and effectively killing them with winter freeᴢing…The US and Canada have the Columbia Basin Trust Treaty whereby Canadians benefit from the dam control to the US (flooding control) by the profits of electricity sales to the US…Communities receive grant funds for improvement to their communities re: porch steps for their hall, a new oven or fridge, an outhouse…communities that have been here for under 100 years while the Western Painted Turtle, a native of these waterways in BC since the last Ice Age, receives nothing.

In closing, please support Western Painted Turtle Conservation.

Blog Post 2: Sources of Scientific Information

I have chosen The Journal of Applied Ecology as my source of ecological information. Its home page can be found by following the link below:

 

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652664

 

I chose this journal because it covers a wide variety of subjects that I will be able to utilize when searching for literature for my final project. The Journal of Applied Ecology is an academic, peer-reviewed, review and research journal, so it will be an ideal place to gather trustworthy information. Below is a link to an article exploring habitat preferences, using Spizella breweri, the brewer’s sparrow, as an example;

 

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01352.x

 

Reference:

Chalfoun, A. and Martin, T. 2007. Assessments of habitat preferences and quality depend on spatial scale and metrics of fitness. Journal of Applied Ecology 44(5): 983-992.

Theoretical Perspectives (#7)

Disturbance and succession are the main ideas which serve as the primary theoretical framework of my project. My hypotheses, which predicts that the size and abundance of rosa acicularis bushes will vary in relation to specific conditions and the presence or absence of specific plant species, is based on the idea that certain plant species can be attributed to specific seral stages, and that these stages are definable by measurable biotic characteristics. Interactions such as competition, mutualism, and facilitation also underpin the ideas guiding my observations about the plants found growing near prickly roses. Because this project is being conducted in the most populated area in the southern Yukon, the boreal forest ecosystem and anthropogenic influence are also useful elements in this project’s framework.

Keywords include: disturbance, succession, boreal forest, competition, mutualism, facilitation, pioneer plant, rosa acicularis, prickly rose.

Data Collection (#6)

Preparation for collecting data took almost as long as data collection itself. First, I made tables in Excel with which to collect my data, but ended up forgetting to include two rows for boreal climax species (birch and aspen). This was not a significant issue as I had included blank rows in the table which I used for this purpose. Then, using google’s random number generator, I determined which 6 blocks I was going to collect data from within. I then I used the random number generator again to determine the origin point of the transect axes. When this was finished I knew exactly where I was going to collect my data from before I went out. Finally, I made a 1x1m collapsible square out of thick cardboard and bolts to use as a frame to define my plots, much like the squares made of PVC tube and elbows in the video.

I was fortunate to have a friend come out with me and perform a lot of the recording as I called out my observations. Finding the blocks and starting points for the transects was occasionally difficult, but my gridded map and the GPS on our phones helped. We then strung a tape line down the transect axis and placed the plot square into the first position, recorded the relevant variables, measured the rose bush height with a measuring tape and calculated their average height, then moved the plot square to the next position. This was repeated until the transect was complete, at which point we found the starting point for our next transect and repeated the process. In total, 120 replicates were sampled over the course of 4 hours.

The main difficulty I encountered was determining which category certain variables fell within, especially about light and moisture. On several occasions I found myself wanting to assign a variable a value between two discrete categories by adding a .5. I did not do this. Aside from that, occasional game trails were encountered in the undisturbed areas, and I considered whether or not they may make an impact on the distribution and size of rose bushes. In the end I made a note of the game trails but did not alter the designation of the block they were found in.

My companion commented that solitary rose bushes seemed on average larger than those found in close proximity to others. I did not notice this pattern, but I will look for this when I analyse the data. If there is a discernible relationship, it may indicate intraspecific competition.

All in all, collecting the data was a relatively straight forward event due to planning it out ahead of time. No significant obstacles or set-backs were encountered.

Blog Post 2: Sources of Scientific Information (Percy)

The source of scientific information is referenced below:

Ding, Y., & Peng, J. (2018). Impacts of Urbanization of Mountainous Areas on Resources and Environment: Based on Ecological Footprint Model. Sustainability,10(3), 765.

Based on what I have learned on how to evaluate sources of scientific information, I have determined that this article is peer-reviewed, academic review material. The information was written by two authors who have knowledge on the subject, as Jian Peng is the one who submitted the data analysis and it was reviwed by Yu Ding who wrote the paper and handled the manuscript submissions. The paper had been reviewed by at least one referee before publication, as we can see the submission dates and the publication dates are different. The source also reports results of an experiment by including a methods, results, and discussion section. The research is supported by in-text citations, and followed by a bibliography at the end of the paper.

Blog 7: Theoretical Perspectives

The field study project on the red squirrel’s conifer cone totals in his midden and conifer cone totals within a 20 meter radius bring to light an understanding of foraging behaviors of this mammal  In particular, the emphasis is on understanding whether a red squirrel in an urban environment locates a habitat similar to a wild squirrel’s habitat.  Of note, are the ‘mast’ years when conifer trees produce more amounts of cones than normal years and what this relation has on the Scots pine that make up the majority of his urban habitat.  The placement of the trees in relation to his cache or midden present unique space use patterns that may reflect similar patterns in a wild habitat.  The diameter of the conifer trees, the species of tree and cone producing capabilities, pilfering of cones from other squirrels, predatory considerations and tree canopy cover are some of the other issues to be touched upon for urban red squirrel habitat.

Cache and Nest Characteristics of the Red Squirrel in an Ariᴢona Mixed conifer Forest (1986) by David R. Patton, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Keywords:  Mammal ecology, ethology, sciuridae, rodentia, foraging, habitat, space use patterns, urbaniᴢation.

Blog 6 Data Collection

Overcast, humidity 79%, Wind from the SW 18 km/hr, 9 degrees Celsius

April 16, 2018

I will continue counting cone totals in the red squirrel midden and cones on conifer trees within a 20 meter radius of the squirrel’s central midden.  My hpothesis is that a red squirrel in an urban habitat has the same amount of  conifer cones within a 20 meter radius and the same amount of cones  stashed in his winter midden as a red squirrel has in the forest.

My field study is a continuation of Donald Paul Streubels phd thesis “Food storing and related behavior of red squirrels in Interior Alaska”  May, 1968.

Because Streubel’s  study was done in a forest environment I will be modifying my study to the conifer trees within an urban environment, as such, I will be focusing on the 16 mature conifer cone producing trees within a 40 diameter of the wood pile which is the red squirrel’s midden.  I will count the cones dropped from each tree to an extension of 2 meters past the longest branch and all the cones under the tree as well as all of the cones still on the trees.  I will continue counting the cones in the woodpile as I move the wood to my wood shed.  I am finding eaten cones, whole opened cones, closed cones, along with cones buried under the wood pallets to a depth of 10 cm. and all will be included in the count.

My prediction is that a red squirrel choses a central midden in an urban environment that equals his wild counterpart’s midden in the forest in terms of a 20 meter accessiblilty to mature conifer cone producing trees and conifer cones as well as storing the same amount of conifer cones required for winter survival in his central midden.

Response Variable:  Total number of cones in the red squirrel’s central midden.  Categorical

Predictor Variable:  Number of cones underneath the conifer trees and on the conifer trees within a 20 meter radius of the red squirrel midden.  Continuous

Experimental Design:  Logistic Regression

Midden:  a food stash containing conifer cones along with piles of scales from cones that have already been eaten by the squirrel.

 

Blog Post 5: Design Reflections

My data collection from March 26 until 28 had shown some interesting results. I collected the location of the two duck species Anas platyrhynchos Aythya americana within the Gambles Pond at different times. The layout for my collection locations is shown below:

I collected data of for which regions the ducks were in with 5-minute intervals for an hour. The difficulties I faced were with differentiating ducks at low lighting. This was mediated by using binoculars – but still was difficult at lower light levels in the evening. I was surprised how often ducks entered the shallow water in the evening versus the earlier day. As a result, I wish to collect data at 3 times periods a day to see if there are any differences among the three periods. I think that this approach should be good for collecting the data.

Blog Post 2: Sources of Scientific Information

The source of information is from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3798312?origin=crossref

This is an academic peer-reviewed journal article. It is a research article.

The article discusses research methods and uses its own data. It is published into a journal. The guidelines for this journal talk about the peer-review process in detail here:

http://www.nacwg.org/JWMguidelines2011.pdf

A reference to this source:

Martz, G. F. 1967. Effects of Nesting Cover Removal on Breeding Puddle Ducks. The Journal of Wildlife Management 31:236.