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Post 6: Data Collection: Cates Park

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The first collection of viable field data was collected on Sunday May 19 at Cates Park in North Vancouver. Separating the park between east and west, north (inland) and south (next to shore), I have four areas to collect data to ensure independence and to account for variables (see Image 1). I sampled 20 replicates of 80 that I plan to sample, and noted the presence of absence of common species. Ten replicates were west and close to shore, ten were west and inland. These were nurse logs, and I will repeat this in the two eastern sections of the park as my data collection continues, and with forest plots of the same size as the circumference of the nurse logs in all four defined regions.

I have revised my experimental design and sampling strategies from previously posted attempts, as initial data collected was solely distance-based counts of conifers from the centre of nurse logs, and this seemed an inadequate representation of the species that grow within nurse logs. The difficulties I now face include sampling randomly selected forest plots, as they may contain dense growth and be more inaccessible.

Patterns observed include differences in mosses, lichens and berry species between the regions close to shore and further inland. However, Western Hemlock, or Tsuga heterophylla, has been the most frequent conifer studied within nurse log units, regardless of the distance from shore. These patterns continue to support my hypothesis, however studying forest plots that are not nurse logs will aid in determining how common Tsuga heterophylla are versus other conifers in the region, and will aid to prove or falsify my hypothesis.

Blog Post 7: Theoretical Perspectives

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My hypothesis (paper birch (Betula papyrifera) distribution changes with aspect across a hillslope) touches on habitat preference of Betula papyrifera.  If my data shows that aspect is correlated to the presence of birch, I can then try and infer the environmental conditions that cause this distribution pattern.  One such factor may be soil moisture.  While I’m not able to directly measure soil moisture content, I can infer soil moisture conditions by using proxies such as changes in undergrowth composition.

My study may also relate to successional community development.  The distribution may not be correlated with aspect but may be a more random patchy distribution of tree species that colonized the area during an initial seral stage after a disturbance.  These patterns should become more apparent once I collect additional data.

 

Keywords:  Distribution gradient, community structure, Betula papyrifera

Blog Post 6: Data Collection

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I sampled 5 replicates during my initial round of field sampling.  I didn’t have much trouble implementing my sampling procedure.  I did lots of prep in the office before going out to site which made the field work efficient.  The only difficult thing was travel in between sites.  There was still snow on the ground so I used skis for most of the travel.  Some sites did not have enough snow for ski travel (the more south facing slopes) so I was taking off and putting on skis during sampling.  The partial snow cover added an additional slipping/falling hazard while sampling on some of the steeper sites.

While sampling I noticed that the different tree species seem to be growing in clusters.  For instance, if my sampling site is in predominately birch stand, that may not reflect the stand characteristics 200m away.  Additional sampling will help to get a more accurate measurement of the composition of the forest.  I plan on sampling another 5 replicates soon and the snow is gone now so sampling should be easier.

Blog Post #2: Sources of Scientific Information

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I examined The article, Population structure and habitat use of gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) in Wof-Washa Forest (Gosh-Meda Area), Central Ethiopia to determine which category of scientific information it fits into.  The article appears to be written by two experts in the field.  As one is employed by the Department of Biology at Debre Markos University and the other is employed at the Department of Zoological Sciences at the Addis Ababa University.  However, neither of their credentials are noted so it does not meet this criterion. The article makes use of in-text citations as well it has a bibliography. The article makes no mention of a referee reviewing the paper before the publication or of a peer review process. The article does have a results sections which are usually associated with an academic, peer-reviewed paper. Because this paper did not document the authors credentials, a referee, or the peer-review process I would classify this paper as non-academic material.

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/canine-virus–parasites-kill-24-endangered-lions-in-india-64974

Blog Post 5: Design Reflections

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Field Research Project

Posted on May 17, 2019 by caudia

Location: Courtenay Estuary/ K’Omosks Estuary

Date and time of site visit: April 21, 14:20

Collected by:  Cathy Audia

Before traveling to the estuary I check the tide schedule to avoid the problem of arriving and finding the study site submerged in water. Luckily this initial step, allowed me to collect the data with no other problems arising. While collecting the data, I was surprised to find the quadrants were not an accurate representation of the distribution of the subject. As the estuary is so vast I felt I needed to expand the number of quadrants recorded to allow for a larger service area to be represented.  This modification should allow for a more accurate representation of the subjects cover, resulting in more precise findings of the field study.

Blog Post 7: Theoretical Perspectives

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My hypothesis is that increasing distance from a site of forest disturbance, such as a pathway, is correlated with lower tree and shrub species diversity, lower tree and shrub density, larger tree size, a higher ratio of trees to shrubs, and a higher ratio of evergreen to deciduous tree species. This is based on noticing that more deciduous species at higher densities appeared to exist at the edge space of paths than further into the forest.

My research project is focused on examining the changes in species composition, richness across an environmental gradient as a function of distance from a path. There are likely many mechanisms at play here such as the impact of continual human disturbance (clearing of the path and adjacent areas) each time a tree comes down or growth becomes too thick along a path; the presence of additional space, light, and runoff adjacent to the path that likely encourages and discourages the establishment and growth of certain species; the path as a conduit for the dispersal of seeds via wind, humans, and other animals; of course, the cultural requirements of individual plants play a role; as does the known dynamics in Coastal Western Hemlock forests.

Key Words: Edge Environments, CWH Zone, Species Richness, Forest Dynamics, Disturbance Gradient

Post 3 – Ongoing Field Observations

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Organism– Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata)

Environmental Gradient– Slope position of the organism (Upper, Mid, Lower/Toe)

Hypothesis

The recent logging has intensified the environmental stressors (drought and intense sun exposure) causing the existing Cedar to thrive under their new conditions.  I predict that, if BC experiences another heat wave, the onsite Cedar trees will weaken or die completely.

The Cedar on the lower slopes that have adjacent mature trees along their southern boundary will have the highest probability of maintaining their established presence.

Response Variable– Stress indicators expressed in

the tree (Continuous).

Explanatory Variable– Weather (Temperature, cloud cover) (Continuous).

It was this small patch of Cedar trees that caught my attention. The Cedar appeared to be healthier and more abundant, in this particular area, than the Douglas fir or western larch trees.  This area has high exposure to the sun with shallow soils, which makes it prone to drought. This patch of Cedar appeared to have been outperforming the fir and larch prior to the harvesting of the adjacent stand that occurred in the fall of 2018.

Blog Post 5: Design Reflections

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I did not have too many troubles collecting data, I would like to continue though so that I have a larger number of days of data and my numbers will be more reliable. I am going to change the predictors of rain/no rain/length of rain to exclude length of rain- this is going to be difficult to quantify. I have also decided to expand my gradient to define whether it is sunny/partially sunny/cloudy where partially sunny means ~50% sun/cloud. The rest of my methods have been working well and I will keep the same.

Blog Post 5: Design Reflections

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Here is a description of my sampling method:

A simple, random and distance based sampling technique was used, incorporating plots along a transect and transects along a path.

Each transect consists of three plots, one immediately adjacent to the pathway, another 10 m away from the path, and another 20 m away from the path. Each location for a transect was selected by entering the range of the number of metres of the trail length, from 0 to 3100 metres, for the trail along which data was to be collected. The first 5 numbers were selected, representing the number of metres from the beginning of the trail at which a transect would be located.

Each proceeding transect alternated from being on the left for the first to the right for the second, etc. The second plot was found by moving in the exact same direction, 10m away from the first plot centre, further into the forest. The third plot was found by moving in the exact same direction, 10m away from the second plot centre, further into the forest.

Upon finding the location along the trail, plot centre was found by moving into the forest 3m to the left (3m is the plot radius ) so that the plot is touching but not overlapping with the path edge. Each 3m plot encompasses 28.27 square meters and was selected based on silviculture survey practices. At each centre a stake was driven into the ground and a plot cord with a mark 3m away from the stake, marked the edge. If the mark touched the bark, a tree or shrub was included in the count.

The first plot represented the site with the most disturbance, the second plot represented the site with an intermediate level of disturbance, and the third plot represented a site with the least disturbance.

Here is my reflection on the sampling method:

I did not have much trouble with my sampling strategy. This was largely due to experience having conducted silviculture surveys over the past summer. I was nervous before and during the first number of plots as I had my fingers crossed that my predictions weren’t not true and I believe the data verified that. To find distance markers, indicating the placement of transects and distances between plots, I used my cell phone’s GPS technology and this probably introduced inaccuracies in distances as it is not as accurate as using an actual GPS with a low degree of error.

Some of the data collected did not seem to make sense. For instance, the number of large trees was often greater closer to the path. Though, my basic hypothesis is that they would be more plentiful further away from the path. When looking at the trees, the largest ones with a circumference of over 1m were most often found furthest away whereas trees considered ‘large’, more than 2m, may have been more plentiful but had a much smaller circumference. With this adjustment to sampling, adding another ‘class’ of tree size, I was able to reconcile the data on the ground and my hypothesis.